ARP104

Arp 104 is Keenan's System made up of NGC 5216 (south, bottom) and NGC 5218 north. Classed by Arp under "Elliptical and elliptical-like Galaxies: Connected to Spirals" Yep, that sure fits this pair. One note describes the pair saying "Distorted spiral with an S0 companion, well separated but with a connecting arm. North (spiral) is NGC 5218, which has no bright nucleus." Yes, that poor spiral did take a potent hit from this interaction.

There's confusion about which galaxy is which. Here's the NGC Project on this issue: "NGC 5216 and NGC 5218. The MCG identifications are reversed from those by all other observers. There is no apparent reason for this in the NGC itself, and I doubt that Vorontsov or his colleagues consulted JH's 1833 catalogue where there is an identification error. For the record, Sir John makes his h 1635 a "nova" while he incorrectly labels h 1636 as H II 841. Sir William's original observation was of two objects which became H II 841 and H II 842. Sir John got the identifications sorted out for the GC, and the NGC has them exactly correct, too.

So, the MCG is the only catalogue which reverses the identifications. All the other modern catalogues are correct in placing N5216 south-preceding N5218."
- Dr. Harold G. Corwin, Jr."

NED puts the pair at 153 million light-years but puts NGC 5216 at only 140 million light-years E0 pec, and 5218 at 139 million light-years SBb pec and as a LINER galaxy as well. The interaction has apparently triggered the activity needed to create a LINER status for the galaxy. Both were discovered by William Herschel on March 19, 1790. Like many Arp galaxies he found, neither are in either of the Herschel 400 observing programs.

The lower galaxy, NGC 5216, reminds me of Arp 165 which was an elliptical galaxy with a faint blue arm but no sign of any galaxy it had interacted with. NGC 5216 is very similar but this time we know the culprit.

Galaxy east of lower 104 is SDSS J133257.25+624038.6 an IR galaxy 1.3 BLY

MaxBCG J202.88728+62.64181 BCG at 2.63 BLY is the anchor galaxy of the galaxy cluster of the same name (without BCG at the end). it consists of some 28 members many of which show in my image as orange dots around this galaxy to the lower left of the lower Arp 104 galaxy. The color contrast with the quasar below it is very strong.

Pair of nearly overlapping galaxies in upper right corner. They are SDSS J133039.33+625507.1 at 2.7 billion light-years and SDSS J133038.56+625508.8 with no redshift data so it is marked with a "?". Thus I don't know if they are interacting or not.

The Q? above NGC 5218 denotes a possible QSO candidate per NED. Though its status is rather indeterminate. It is classed as SDSS J133038.56+625508.8, a galaxy in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and GALEX, an ultraviolet orbiting observatory classes it as GALEX 2685493392111045227 Berk 27 w/txtan ultraviolet excess source which isn't surprising considering its blue color. The US Naval Observatory has it classed as VisS which just means it is an unknown object visible in ordinary light. I found no distant estimate for it.

In the upper left corner is a somewhat blue double galaxy. At least it has two condensations. Oddly I can find no cataloged object at its location. In fact, there's nothing of its brightness cataloged within several minutes of arc of this location. Yet the area is covered by the SDSS. I checked the POSS II plates and it is a real object. How the pros let this one get away I don't know. Edit: Since this was written NED now picks it up as GALEXASC J133417.73+625742.8 an Uv Source. The Galex satellites resolution was likely insufficient to see it as two objects. Even the position has 3x larger error bars than most objects in NED. Unfortunately, that's about all it tells me. SDSS image shows what appears to be two merging, very blue galaxies assuming they are at the same distance which appears quite possible.

Arp's image is at: http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Arp/Figures/big_arp104.jpeg

It is located in Ursa Major above the Big Dipper's handle right at the boundary with Draco not far from Thuban.

14" LX200R @ f/10, L=9x10' Rx10'x3 G=4x10'x3 B=2x10'x3, STL-11000XM, Paramount ME

Related Designations for ARP104

ARP105

Arp 105, Ambarzumian's (Ambartsumian's) Knot, The Guitar and Abell 1185

This one turned out to be a complicated region. I'd never heard of Ambarzumian's Knot before and when I did I assumed it to be the puffy cloud at the end of the tidal plume or jet or whatever that feature is. Wrong! That is VV247f, one of several brightenings in the tidal feature, of which little seems to be found in the literature. Arp 105 is sometimes called "The Guitar". I find two spellings of the knot's name in the literature. I don't know which is more correct.

In any case, Arp 105 consists of 3 galaxies; there are two more involved though one is invisible to any image I could find and the other barely seen in my image. Arp originally only saw the three obvious ones. The upper one is NGC 3561A. It appears to be a very disturbed spiral. It is classed as either SA(r)a pec or S0^0? pec. The major plumes seem to come from it. Below it is the large elliptical NGC 3561. It too is classed as either SA(r)a pec or S0^0^: pec and is a LINER or Sy3 galaxy. Below it is the nearly starlike Ambarzumian's Knot. It is very blue compared to the other two. Zwicky later found two more galaxies that are within the halo of NGC 3561. Both very blue as well. Ambarzumian's Knot and these other two are known as the Zwicky connected multiple system. All are very blue. The one closest to the core of 3561 can't be seen in my image and is listed as magnitude 21.5. Seeing something that faint against a bright core, even when blue would be very difficult for my seeing and image scale. The second does show thanks to its blue color. It is about halfway between the core and Ambarzumian's knot which is also blue. Both are said to be starlike even to the 200" scope and were the first galaxies found by it to be indistinguishable from stars. I need to retry this on a better night at 0.5" per pixel and see if I can pick up the other one. Likely a fool's errand but an interesting challenge. This complex is located below the back foot of Ursa Major right in the corner with Leo and Leo Minor. NGC 3561 was discovered by John Herschel on March 30, 1827.

Since Arp 105 is located nearly dead center in the Abell 1185 cluster the entire field is chock full of galaxies. There's another interacting system to the northwest of Arp 105. While there are three galaxies in one halo catalogs only refer to the middle and upper left one as a pair (NGC 3550) and ignore the fainter one to the southwest. The SDSS lists the southwestern galaxy but gives no redshift. Dr. Corwin says on his NGC project page that its redshift is about the same as the other two, 11,000km/s rather than about 10,400 km/s for the other two. But doesn't offer an opinion whether it is tidally involved with the other two.

There's a quasar in the image quite near Arp 105 that's 10.7 billion light-years from us. Since Arp considers many quasars to be nearby objects ejected from active galaxies, rather than enormous active black holes in very distant galaxies as is the standard view I would imagine this quasar would fit his ideas quite well even though it is most likely just a coincidence.

There are a bunch of very distant galaxies in the northeastern (upper left) part of the image. These appear to be part of the galaxy cluster ZwCl 1109.5+2906 about 11 minutes in diameter containing some 77 galaxies. No distance estimate but it obviously lies far beyond Abell 1185.

I've made an annotated image of the cluster. Members with a redshift that is in the 400-475 million light year range of the cluster, and Arp 105 are identified without any distance data given. A few beyond the cluster are noted only with their distance in billions of light-years when the only catalog entry is one that just gives its coordinates. Some that could be members but have no redshift data are identified by name followed by a question mark. The two quasars are noted by name. Labels are to the right of the object when possible. If not possible a line points to the object. The various pieces of Arp 105 that are named are shown. NGC 3558 is off the bottom of the screen except for the very northern part of its halo. I didn't realize it was there or I'd have moved Arp 105 up a bit so NGC 3558 would be fully in the frame. NGC 3552 AND NGC 3553 seem reversed from normal Right Ascension order. Dr. Corwin, however, believes this fits Herschel's records. You can read more about this issue at the NGC Project http://www.ngcicproject.org/dss/dss_n3500.asp click on NGC 3553 for the info. Click on 3552 for more on the Abell cluster in general. Click on NGC 3561 for more on Arp 105.

On the left side of the image, a red question mark leads to a galaxy I couldn't find in the SDSS or any other catalog but nearby is SDSS J111206.71+284754.2 a 21.7 magnitude near star-like galaxy. So how can the SDSS pick up this faint one but not the far larger, brighter one? There's no redshift data on SDSS J111206.71+284754.2. I found a couple other galaxies, not in any catalog. They too are marked with a red question mark. Likely there are others but these are the brightest of the "outcast" galaxies.

I've marked the center of another listed cluster of galaxies. NED shows it to be 11 minutes in diameter. That would extend off the north and east sides of my image. No details are provided other than it is "medium compact" and has 77 members.

I should mention that with the passing of Geoffrey Burbidge a few days ago (Edit: This was written in late January 2010.), Arp lost another who believed in the non-cosmological nature of quasar redshifts. That is, they don't indicate distance as far as Burbidge and Arp are concerned. His reasoning was different than Arp's and didn't require new physics but did require some stretching of credulity in my opinion. That only leaves his wife Margaret Burbidge and Chip Arp as major names supporting non-cosmological redshift. How they do this in the face of such overwhelming evidence to the contrary boggles my mind. Edit: Arp has since died but Margaret is still alive as this is written on November 26, 2017 at age 98.

California, France, Hawaii Telescope image of this field. A 3.6 meter telescope, 100 times the light gathering power of my system.
https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap051122.html

Arp's image
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Arp/Figures/big_arp105.jpeg

14" LX200R @ f/10, L=4x10' RGB=2x10'x3, STL-11000XM, Paramount ME

Related Designations for ARP105

ARP106

Arp 106 is an interacting pair of galaxies in Coma Berenices about 315 million light-years away. Arp put it in his category of elliptical and elliptical-like galaxies connected to spirals. He made no comment on this entry.

The two galaxies are known as NGC 4211. While some catalogs give only one number to both a few do have separate numbers. MGC +5-29-042 is the northern member and MGC +5-29-043 is the southern to give one example. NED classes both as S0/a pec. I would say the southern one is likely S0 but the upper appears to be a distorted Sa or possibly Sb spiral to me. In any case, both have been severely disrupted by their interaction. They have somewhat different redshifts. I don't know if that will be enough to prevent them from merging in the future or not. I rather suspect they will merge eventually becoming an elliptical galaxy. Note that there appears to be a faint plume east of the southern well-defined plume. I see hints of it in the Sloan image as well. NGC 4211 was discovered by Édouard Stephan on April 30, 1881. I don't know if he saw the companion or not. I suspect he didn't.

Just west of the pair is LEDA 1828543 (SDSS J121521.05+281048.0), a spiral galaxy that is likely a member of the same group as Arp 106 as its redshift is practically the same.

Toward the southwest (lower right) corner is an object that NED shows as being a quasar in some catalogs, an IR source only in the 2MASX catalog, a star in the Sloan survey and a galaxy at a slightly different position (0.1" different in declination). NED shows two redshifts, one is z=0.692000, the other is z = 4.88922! Now that's a discrepancy. The distance I used on the annotated image is based on the lower z value which puts it 6.3 billion light-years away. The other value would put it over 12.4 billion light years which would mean it is brighter than any quasar I ever heard of. The lower value is even surprising considering its magnitude of 17.8.

An interesting galaxy at 670 million light years is SDSS J121522.43+280406.9 south-southwest of Arp 106. It seems to have one heavy arm on the south. It would fit in either Arp's one arm category or heavy arm category.

Arp's image
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Arp/Figures/big_arp106.jpeg

14" LX200R @ f/10, L=4x10' RBG=2x10'x3, STL-11000XM, Paramount ME

Related Designations for ARP106

ARP107

Arp 107 is a pair of colliding galaxies also known as UGC 05984. Arp classed them under "Elliptical or Elliptical like galaxy: Connected to a spiral." That would certainly be what you see in my image. I sometimes wonder about his classifications but this one is quite accurate. He described it saying "...double arm leads to E(astern) galaxy, diffuse material out either side of E(lliptical) galaxy." Other than there being some out the top of the elliptical as well (not seen well in his too short exposure with the 200" telescope) his descriptions seem fairly accurate.

This galaxy was the subject of a rather "famous" photo on the net taken in infrared light by the orbiting Spitzer telescope. They used two wavelengths, one that they colored blue shows old stars much better than new ones and one was taken in a wavelength that shows young hot stars much more strongly than older cool ones. They colored these red. Here's the image:
http://www.etsu.edu/physics/bsmith/arp107/arp107_press.html

Not being in orbit and not having a supply of liquid helium (needed for earth based IR work as well as most space based IR work) I have to use visible light. But as I've mentioned many times before, regions of young stars often show up very blue while regions of old stars show up red. This isn't as accurate method as Spitzer used but close. Compare the blue regions in my photo to the red ones in Spitzer's and my yellowish red regions to Spitzer's blue and you'll see they agree rather closely.

This pair is located about 463 million light-years away in the constellation of Leo Minor. Most folks realize there's a big and small bear in the sky, many know of the big and small dogs but for some reason, I find few know of the small lion. Maybe it's because the big one is just Leo rather than Leo Major, unlike the other two animals.

Most of the other galaxies of any size (and not red) in my image are at about the same distance as Arp 107. Oddly, NED shows a distance to Arp 107 of the 460 million light years I mentioned but shows the individual galaxies at about 480 million light years. I don't understand the difference. It classes the obvious elliptical as just that, elliptical and the spiral as an Sc spiral of the Seyfert 2 class meaning it has an active nucleus. This is common in interacting galaxies as the interaction throws material into the black hole at the galaxy's center causing it to be quite active.

There's a quasar at 7.7 billion light years and several galaxies ranging out to over 3 billion light years that I could find redshift data on and likely some of the fainter ones are even farther away. There is a Zwicky galaxy cluster with some 130 members centered just off the lower right corner but its 35 minutes across so many of the galaxies in the lower left region are likely members. NED gives no distance for this cluster though another with only 22 members centered only about 3 minutes of arc away shows a distance of 1.55 billion light years and must be part of the Zwicky cluster.

Arp's image of this group is at:
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Arp/Figures/arp107.gif

14" LX200R @ f/10, L=4x10' RGB=2x10', STL-11000XM, Paramount ME

Related Designations for ARP107

ARP109

Arp 109 is in Arp's class for "E and E-like galaxies repelling spiral arms", a class that never has made sense to me. If it has spiral arms isn't it a spiral galaxy? What is a "repelling spiral arm?" In any case, it includes two galaxies, one a true elliptical to the east and a very strange disturbed spiral to the west. It seems to have two plumes both curving to the west. Were these plumes created by interaction with its large companion? The companion shows no sign of distortion. Could the outer plume be due to the remains of a small galaxy the western member is digesting? I found nothing to help with this issue.

The pair are about a half billion light-years away in the constellation of Draco, just below the bowl of the little dipper. The pair have almost identical redshifts so it's highly likely they are really about this close to each other as they appear to be. The eastern member is classed as E:. The western member is classed as S?. The pair is UGC 10053 and VV291. The VV says of them: "Hard core 0.15 x 0.15 surrounded by thin bright spiral arc, 2 diffuse spiral arcs is unequal bending in northwest". The CGPG says: "Irregular blue spiral, compact elliptical core, two spiral arms to the west". The VV does say it has been probably perturbed by the companion. Arp had no comment on this one. The spiral is classified as S? by NED and Sab? by Seligman. The elliptical is E: at NED and e3: by Seligman.

The rest of the field for which redshift information is available is rather sparse, with only 5 in NED. To the west is a LEDA 2730634 also at a half billion light-years so probably related to the pair in Arp 109. The others are all closer to us. MCG +12-15-020, a lenticular galaxy at about 350 million light-years is to the southeast. Further south is IC 1146 at a redshift 360 million light-years. Likely the two are related. NED shows no classification for it though Seligman says S. Looks like Sa to me. Near the top is CGCG 338-022 at nearly 460 million light-years. NED classes it as spherical. Looks like a disk galaxy to me with a hint of a bar and an arm. The remaining galaxy is IC 1147 to the far east and a bit north. It is quite red for a barred spiral though NED makes no attempt to classify it for some reason. Seligman says S but I'd say SB(r)a as it has a ring structure from arms coming from a bar. It is listed at about 470 million light years so about the same distance as CGCG 338-022. IC 1146 and IC 1147 were discovered on July 13, 1887 by Edward Swift.

Arp's image is at:
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Arp/Figures/big_arp109.jpeg

14" LX200R @ f/10, L=4x10' RGB=2x10', STL-11000XM, Paramount ME

Related Designations for ARP109

ARP110

Arp 110 falls under Arp's classification of an elliptical galaxy repelling a spiral galaxy's arms. It is in Aquarius and just below my normal -15 degree limit. It is about 415 million light-years away. Arp 110 is also known as MGC-3-58-011. The "companion" is the IR source 2MASX J22540664-1514125/PGC 913872. Arp's comment on this one says; "Arm bent at root." A note at NED dating back to 1968 says "Interacting? Perturbed by nearby MCG -03-58-010 (PGC 69950), or maybe by companion (unless it is a star) 16 mag at 0.6 arcmin west." The companion is obviously a galaxy in Arp's image which was taken a few years before the comment so I find it odd. NED classes it as Sab with HII emission lines. No peculiar designation which I find, well, peculiar. They seem to consider it a M51 type galaxy pair.

Arp 110 seems to have two tight, short, rather red arms coming from each end of its core. These end in oddities. On the west end, a blue "arm" suddenly bends back that is far larger than the red arm at its base. Is it really the same arm or some star stream due to an interaction with the companion? The red east arm that runs to the east side of the galaxy ends in a huge blue amorphous region that includes a couple star clouds. Again the same question applies. Makes me wonder if much of the blue is due to stripping of dust and gas from the companion leaving only its core coupled with a similar stripping of Arp 110 as well. Only a guess on my part. I find nothing useful either way in the literature. This one hasn't been studied much or I didn't find it.

It does appear the two may be interacting. There's a faint spray of stars all around the companion extending out past the two stars on the western side of it. Dick Miller's web page on this one suggests the knot at the east end of the galaxy could be a barred spiral. http://www.338arps.com/arp_110.htm He didn't have the advantage of a color image. It appears to be a blue knot in what passes for a arm. I hadn't seen his comment but looking at my raw data as it came in I thought it likely a separate galaxy but once the color data was assembled it turned into a star cloud in the arm.

This area is not covered by the Sloan survey so we don't have help from that source. NED lists mostly APMUKS galaxies, the result of an automated plate survey which picks up only obvious galaxies and says nothing about the blue object. In fact, few galaxies in my image have much useful data at all. There is no distance data for the probable companion since a plate survey can't collect the needed information.

The galaxy southwest of Arp 110 is MCG-03-58-010/PGC 69950. Its redshift puts it at about the same distance as Arp 110. I find no classification for it. It is the only other galaxy in the image with distance data. There are a few very faint asteroids in the image the eagle eye's out there might spot. I make an annotated image to help you find them.

This one is just below my -15 degree cut off which reduces my transparency. I should have put more time into it to compensate but the following nights had too poor seeing that low. I never did get the needed time.

Arp's image
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Arp/Figures/big_arp110.jpeg

14" LX200R @ f/10, L=4x10' RGB=2x10'x3, STL-11000XM, Paramount ME

Related Designations for ARP110

ARP111

Arp 111/NGC 5421 is a pair or trio of galaxies in eastern Canes Venatici about 360 million light-years away. Arp put it in his category of elliptical or elliptical-like galaxies repelling spiral arm of a companion spiral. Since gravity can't repel (or at least we have no evidence it can be a repelling force) I don't understand what Arp means. Apparently, this is meant to describe what appears to be happening rather than be what is really happening. In the time of Arp's atlas that was about all we could do. The arm of the spiral does seem to bend away from the elliptical like galaxy. Arp's comment "E galaxy apparently bending arm at root." This is likely just a descriptive comment. I hope he didn't think it was pushing the arm back, just positioned to look like that was happening. Though years later his strange physics allowed for some odd things but don't think that was one of them.

This is quite a confusing area with so many cross-linked names trying to sort it all out is a nightmare. The main galaxies, the odd spiral and the elliptical like galaxy are known collectively as NGC 5421. The little blue galaxy is apparently made up of two galaxies but is collectively known as MGC+6-31-46. All of these are collectively known as VV 120. NED refers to the two parts of MGC+6-31-46 as Arp 111 NED 02/VV 120e and Arp 111 NED 03/VV 120d. To me, VV 120d is just a blue star cloud in the galaxy. The big spiral is Arp 111 NED 01/NGC 5421 NED01 and the elliptical like galaxy Arp 111 NED 04/NGC 5421 NED 02. Now that I have you totally confused (me too) I think I have it straight on the annotated image. Not all have redshift distances but I've included those when available. Then when you just about think you have it figured out you wonder; "What happened to VV 120b?" It is just a part of the turned back spiral arm. Why it gets its own designation is one of the mysteries of the universe.

With similar redshifts, all appear to be related. What caused the turned back arm? Wish I knew. Actually, it isn't all that "turned back" Just that it ends in a huge plume that goes in a different direction than the arm. The two arms, ignoring the plume are pretty much in agreement though the plume has stripped most of the stars from its arm. Probably due to an interaction with the elliptical like galaxy.

NED classes the spiral as Sc, NGC Project says SB? and Seligman says SBbc? So they can't even agree if it is a barred spiral or ordinary spiral. NGC 5421 was discovered by Édouard Stephan on June 9, 1880.

Arp's image
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Arp/Figures/big_arp111.jpeg

14" LX200R @ f/10, L=4x10' RGB=2x10'x3, STL-11000XM, Paramount ME

Related Designations for ARP111

ARP112

Arp 112 is a triple galaxy group classed by Arp as "Elliptical and elliptical-like galaxies with repelling arms." How that applies to this weird group I don't know. Maybe it is due to the near vertical spike coming from the northeastern galaxy. I placed Arp 112 well to the right of center to pick up another rather odd galaxy at the left hiding behind a star. It is PGC 000190 and is classed as an S0? galaxy. This seems very wrong. S0 galaxies have no or very weak spiral structure and usually appear as round spheres or spindle-like depending on our viewing angle. This looks like a rather nice face on Sb spiral with rather well-defined arms. I don't understand the discrepancy.

Arp 112's trio of galaxies from left to right is KUG 2359+311/PGC 111 with no redshift data. KUG stands for Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy Catalogue indicating it is a strong emitter of ultraviolet light. Usually a sign of massive star formation. It looks like an arc but is classed simply as a spiral galaxy, not even a peculiar one. Sure looks peculiar to me. The center galaxy is NGC 7806 with a redshift distance of 200 million light years and is classed as SA(rs)bc? Pec. While tidally distorted it doesn't appear as peculiar as its companion to the east. The class indicates it has structures of both a standard spiral and a ring galaxy. Apparently, the ring refers to the outer football shaped bright edge around a portion of the galaxy. The rightmost galaxy is NGC 7805 also at about 200 million light years per its redshift. It is classed as SAB0 pec but has no ring designation yet one is quite prominent in my image. That I do find as peculiar. Its class would indicate it has elements of a standard spiral and a barred spiral with little dust or arm structure. Hence Arp's elliptical like reference. It also has the color of an elliptical as well.

NGC 7805 and 7806 were discovered by William Herschel on October 9, 1790. Neither are in either of the two Herschel 400 observing programs, however.

Nearly all the other galaxies are either anonymous or have little data. The only one worth mentioning is the blue galaxy southwest of Arp 112. It has the rather rare designation NPM1G +31.0507. This comes from the Lick "Northern Proper Motion program 1st list of Galaxies. Don't ask, I never heard of it either. Arp 112 is located in Pegasus not far from Arp 98 and 2.75 degrees northwest of Alpha Andromedae, Alphoratz, the lower left corner star of the "Great Square of Pegasus".

Arp's photo of it is at http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Arp/Figures/big_arp112.jpeg

14" LX200R @ f/10, L=4x10' RGB=2x10'x3, STL-11000XM, Paramount ME

Related Designations for ARP112

ARP113

Arp 113 is in the Arp class "Elliptical or Elliptical-like Galaxies close to perturbing spirals". In fact, it's the first entry in that class. There are so many galaxies in this grouping I don't know which are the perturbed spirals and who is doing the perturbing! Arp made no comment on this group to help with this question. The entire group is larger than my field though Arp only was concerned with the dense core. It is known as the VV166 group with 15 members. VV stands for; Vorontsov-Velyaminov Interacting Galaxies. The group's average distance is just under 300 million light-years by redshift value. Many of the members are NGC galaxies. I've attached an annotated small image of the core to help identify this region. The galaxies, their classification (when known, "n/a" when not available) and their redshift distance are in the table below in millions of light-years.

NGC 67 E 290 Discovered October 7, 1855 by R. J. Mitchell
NGC 67A E 270 Discovered October 7, 1855 by R. J. Mitchell
NGC 68 SA0 240 Discovered September 11, 1784 by W. Herschel
NGC 69 SB(s)0 290 Discovered October 7, 1855 by R. J. Mitchell
NGC 70 SB(s)0 310 Discovered October 7, 1855 by R. J. Mitchell
NGC 71 SA0- pec 290 Discovered October 7, 1855 by R. J. Mitchell
NGC 72 SB(rs)ab 320 Discovered October 7, 1855 by R. J. Mitchell
NGC 72A E3 290
NGC 74 (R)SB0(rs)a? 310 Discovered October 7, 1855 by R. J. Mitchell
SRGb 062.050 n/a 330

Other galaxies in the image with red shift data:
CGCG 499-103 below SRGb 062.050 n/a 260 million light-years
CGCG 499-101 by bright yellow star upper right n/a 280 million light-years
CGCG 499-100 blue galaxy beyond CGCG 449-101 at upper edge Scd 210 MLY probably not a member
CGCG 499-099 blue spiral upper right corner S? 270 million light-years
NGC 76 Lower left edge S? 310 MLY Discovered September 22, 1884 by Guillaume bigourdan


Arp's image:
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Arp/Figures/big_arp113.jpeg

14" LX200R @ f/10, L=10x10' RGB=2x10', STL-11000XM, Paramount ME

Related Designations for ARP113

ARP114

Arp 25/NGC 2276 is an interesting, many armed face on spiral. Arp put it in his category for spiral galaxies with one heavy arm. The most famous member of this category is M101. The galaxy is located in Cepheus. The distance is a bit vague. Redshift puts it at 110 million light-years. A single Tully Fisher measurement at NED says 120 million light years and a post at the HST website says 150 million light-years. Quite a difference. Arp's comment on this one under Arp 25's entry reads: "See also 114. Tubular arm, straight at first, then bent. Secondary arm from straight portion." Obviously, this refers to the southern arm that is somewhat separated from the rest of the galaxy and points in the general direction of NGC 2300. It's hard to write about Arp 25 without including nearby NGC 2300. So hard in fact that Arp made a second entry for NGC 2276 to include NGC 2300. Arp 25 was discovered by August Winnecke on June 26, 1876. Hubble image of part of NGC 2276 including the arm is at http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/NGC_2276_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg

Arp 114 consists of NGC 2276 (Arp 25) and NGC 2300 and is in his category for elliptical and elliptical-like galaxies close to and perturbing spirals. Here Arp's comment concerns only NGC 2276 and ignores NGC 2300! It reads: "Spiral somewhat pec., may be perturbed. See No 25." While it is in a category assuming it is perturbed the comment says only it may be perturbed. For once I agree, it may be but that isn't all that certain. I see arguments either way. The big one that they aren't related is their redshift. By that measurement, NGC 2300 is some 24 million light-years closer than NGC 2276. But there are many non-redshift measurements of its distance that range from 101 to 134 million light-years and average out to about 115 million light-years. Then there's the above-mentioned 150 million light-year distance at the HST website. These would make them more likely to be true companions. But look at the redshift distances on the annotated image. They seem to fall into two groups. One that fits NGC 2276 at about 110 million light years and one that matches NGC 2300 much closer distance. But with a sample size of 2 and 3, this is far from deciding the issue!

The HST site argues strongly for interaction with this post: http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo9305a/ This shows a huge enveloping cloud of hot gas seen in in X-rays around NGC 2300. It extends to NGC 2276. One possible explanation is an interaction between the two. But it certainly isn't required for this to occur.

NED classes NGC 2276 as SAB(rs)c, the NGC Project says simply Sc I. NED says of NGC 2300 it is SA0^0^ while the NGC Project says simply that it is an elliptical. Few sources I found agree with the elliptical classification. Most consider it a S0 type galaxy as NED suggests. This because some structure is seen in the outer halo of the galaxy. I am puzzled by the strong red color I got. While I found few color images of NGC 2300 on the net, the few I did find have it as nearly white. It was discovered by Alphonse Borrelly in 1871. I can't pin down the exact date.

Arp's image of Arp 25:
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Arp/Figures/big_arp25.jpeg

Arp's image of Arp 114 (including Arp 25)
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Arp/Figures/big_arp114.jpeg

14" LX200R @ f/10, L=4x10' RGB=2x10' STL-11000XM, Paramount ME

Related Designations for ARP114